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Antioxidant response of coffee (Coffea arabica) cells to cadmium (Cd) and nickel (Ni) stress The antioxidant responses of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) cell suspension cultures to cadmium (Cd) and nickel (Ni) were investigated. Coffee cells were treated for twelve days with 0 (control), 0.05 and 0.5 mM NiCl2 or CdCl2. Cd and Ni accumulated very rapidly in the cells and this accumulation was directly correlated with an increase in applied metal concentration in the external medium. At 0.05 mM CdCl2 and 0.05 mM NiCl2, growth was stimulated, but at 0.5 mM CdCl2 and 0.5 mM NiCl2 the growth rate was reduced. An alteration in activated oxygen metabolism was detected by visual analysis as well as by an increase in lipid peroxidation at 0.5 mM CdCl2 and 0.5 mM NiCl2. Catalase (CAT; EC 1.11.1.6), glutathione reductase (GR; EC 1.6.4.2) and superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC 1.15.1.1) activity increased after Cd exposure, particularly at the higher concentration of CdCl2. Ascorbate peroxidase (APX; EC 1.11.1.11) activity was higher at the lower CdCl2 concentration used, but could not be detected in cells growing in the higher CdCl2 concentration after 24 h of growth, whilst guaiacol peroxidase (GOPX; EC 1.11.1.7) did not show a clear response to Cd treatment. CAT, GR, APX, GOPX and SOD activities were increased due to Ni treatment, particularly at earlier NiCl2 exposure times and the activities were higher at 0.5 mM NiCl2 for most of exposure times tested. An analysis by non-denaturing PAGE followed by staining for enzyme activity, revealed one CAT isoenzyme, nine SOD isoenzymes and four GR isoenzymes. The SOD isoenzymes were differently affected by CdCl2 and NiCl2 treatment and one GR isoenzyme was shown to specifically respond to CdCl2 and NiCl2. The results suggest that the higher concentrations of CdCl2 and NiCl2 may lead to oxidative stress. CdCl2 and NiCl2 at 0.05 mM did not induce lipid peroxidation and the main response appeared to be via the induction of SOD, CAT and APX activities in Cd treated cells and SOD, CAT, GOPX and APX activities in Ni treated cells, for the removal of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and by the induction of GR to ensure the availability of reduced glutathione. The synthesis of Cd-binding proteins may also be related to the inhibition of APX activity probably due to glutathione and ascorbate depletion at higher CdCl2 concentration.

Resposta antioxidativa de células in vitro de café (Coffea arabica) submetidas aos metais pesados cádmio (Cd) e níquel (Ni)