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Kin and conspecific recognition in tadpoles of Rhinella icterica and R. ornata (Anura: Bufonidae) Benefits conferred to animals living in groups may be greater in groups formed by relatives than in groups formed by non-relatives, because cooperating with relatives increases the probability of their own genes being passed on to their parent's offspring (inclusive fitness). Non-social aggregations are formed in response to attractive environmental characteristics, while social aggregations are formed from the attraction among individuals. The attraction or repulsion between individuals is mediated by recognition mechanisms (of relatives, conspecifics, mate partners, neighbors, rivals, prey or predators), which are essential to the fitness of animals of several taxa, since they are involved in important ecological processes and behaviors such as schooling, territoriality, breeding, detection of alarm cues, food and microhabitat discrimination, cooperation and competition. In some anurans, kin and conspecific recognition develops during embryonic or larval stage, and may be retained after metamorphosis, contributing to avoid inbreeding and hybridization during the breeding season. The goal of the present study was to investigate, by laboratory experiments, the presence or absence of sibling and conspecific recognition in tadpoles of Rhinella icterica and R. ornata, two sympatric species that show schooling behavior. We collected eggs of these two species in the field and cultivated them in the laboratory according to different regimes. Tadpoles were submitted to experiments of choice between groups of siblings and non-siblings, raised together or separately, and between conspecific and heterospecific groups. Tadpoles of both species did not discriminate between siblings and non-siblings, regardless of breeding regimes. Rhinella icterica tadpoles preferred to associate with conspecifics rather than to R. ornate tadpoles, and we verified this is an innate behavior. Rhinella ornata tadpoles failed to discriminate between conspecifics and R. icterica tadpoles. When submitted to a choice between a group of tadpoles of the other species and an empty compartment, R. icterica tadpoles presented random distribution, while R. ornata tadpoles preferred to associate with heterospecific tadpoles. The results indicate R. icterica tadpoles may use the recognition ability to associate with tadpoles of the same species, while R. ornata tadpoles may school indiscriminately. The difference between the results obtained with two ecologically and genetically close related species indicates that generalizations regarding the presence and expression of these behaviors in anuran larvae should not be made. This work provides basis for better understanding of larval behavioral ecology in these species and contributes to studies of the evolutionary processes related to recognition mechanisms.

Reconhecimento de irmãos e coespecíficos em girinos de >i<Rhinella icterica>/i< e >i<R. ornata>/i< (Anura: Bufonidae)