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Due to the great current interest in biocomposites because of both the use of lignocellulosic fibers as reinforcers of polymer matrices and the production of matrices prepared from renewable raw material, this study has sought to improve the properties of phenolic thermosets using sodium lignosulphonate as a macromonomer, and the insertion of sisal fibers, either treated or not with sodium lignosulphonate, as a reinforcer. Sisal fibers, which are widely produced in Brazil, are renewable, have low density, and present good mechanical properties. Lignosulphonates are obtained by a wood sulphite pulping process, thus using materials from a renewable source. The sisal fibers were modified by lignosulphonate adsorption by heating at 70 °C for 1 h, followed by sonication for different time periods (1 h and 2 h) or by immersion for 14 h in aqueous lignosulphonate solution, followed by sonication for 1 h. Fiber surface treatment by adsorption of a compatibilizing agent rather than by chemical reaction was chosen with the intent of minimizing the reduction of the fiber mechanical properties. The major sisal fiber components were characterized before and after treatment by elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy (IR), tensile strength, thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimentry (DSC), and X-ray diffraction. The treatments resulted in a significant increase in fiber tensile strength. The phenolic pre-polymers and lignosulphonate-formaldehyde were characterized by size exclusion chromatography, IR, TG, and DSC. The composites were characterized as to Izod impact strength, flexural strength, dynamic mechanic thermal analysis, TG and DSC, water absorption, and thermal conductivity. The phenolic composites reinforced with modified fibers (70 oC/1 h and sonication/1 h) presented improved impact strength. The flexural strength of phenolic composites reinforced with sonication modified fibers (1 and 2 h) improved. The results obtained demonstrate that fiber treatment with sodium lignosulphonate associated with sonication is a promising method, as it modifies the surface morphology of the fibers without drastically changing their properties. The resulting fiber bundle separation allows for a better fiber/matrix interaction. The water absorption assay demonstrated that the fiber surface treatment had little influence on the water absorption of phenolic composites reinforced with these fibers. All the composites prepared with the lignosulphonate-formaldehyde matrix had higher impact strength than phenolic composites; the composite prepared with non-modified fiber reached 1000 J.m-1. The modification of sisal fibers in these composites did not induce effects on the material mechanical properties. However, good adhesion was observed at the fiber/matrix interface, as shown by the SEM images, due to the chemical-structural similarity of the matrix and treated sisal fiber. In this case, the modification of the matrix formulations was the factor that most influenced the material properties. Both the thermosets and the composites had similar thermal conductivity, that is, the presence of untretated or treated sisal fibers did not alter the thermal conductivity of the material. The materials properties that were investigated here show that they may have potential application in the car and aircraft industries (non-structural applications) with the advantage that their production uses renewable resource materials, such as lignocellulosic fibers and lignosulphonate, and physical treatments, such as heating and sonication, meeting the current sustainability and environment preservation policies.

Lignosulfonato de sódio como agente de modificação da superfície de fibras lignocelulósicas e da formulação de termorrígido fenólico