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Protected areas are widely recognized as the main strategy for biodiversity conservation, with the global system covering today ~12% of the Earth‟s surface. Despite the importance of evaluating the effectiveness of these areas, most studies albeit focusing on global or regional scales did not include information on biodiversity. This detailed information is particularly urgent in countries as Brazil that harbors the largest protected area system worldwide, and in biomes such as the Atlantic Forest where protected areas are forest islands within human-modified landscapes. We here focus on the Iguaçu National Park – one of the most important Atlantic Forest protected areas and on terrestrial large mammals as a case study to evaluate the effectiveness of protected areas in conserving biodiversity. We monitored 300 km 2 with 37 cameras traps during five years to access if hunting, proximity to tourism attractions and distance from the edge of the park affect species distribution. While many species that are rare or locally extinct in most Atlantic Forest remnants presented high occupancy, the distribution of 11 species across the park was affected mainly by distance from the edge and proximity to tourism attractions. These negative effects are expected to be even stronger on smaller/ more isolated protected areas, which are the majority in highly altered biomes such as the Atlantic Forest. Reestablishing and properly managing buffer zones, restricting tourism to localized areas, combating illicit activities and reducing human-wildlife conflicts are essential to ensure the effectiveness of protected areas for biodiversity conservation in the long run. Key-words: Atlantic Forest, conservation units, edge effect, hunting, mammals,

Efetividade de áreas protegidas para a conservação da biodiversidade: padrões de ocupação de mamíferos no Parque Nacional do Iguaçu