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At least 25 quilombos remnants are supposed to exist in the Vale do Ribeira region, located in the southern part of Sao Paulo State. Thirteen of those quilombo remnants have already been identified and officially recognized. In order to understand the structure and history of the foundation of these quilombo remnants, we studied male individuals belonging to six populations: Abobral Left Margin (48 individuals), Galvao (22), Sao Pedro (22), Pedro Cubas (60), Piloes (15) and Maria Rosa (9), in addition to 81 individuals sampled from the city of Sao Paulo, for four Y chromosome polymorphic loci: two microsatellite loci (DYS19 and DYS390), one SNP (DYS199) and one Alu insertion (YAP). The genotypes were identified by DNA amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. A fifth locus was also analysed, by a different SNP (M168), but only in a few individuals. In this analysis DNA direct sequencing was employed. The allelic frequencies in the locus DYS19 indicated significant male Portuguese contribution in the quilombos. The Amerindian specific allele (T) of the DYS199 locus indicated little or no contribution from Amerindian males, except the population of Pedro Cubas. The Alu insertion (YAP or DYS287), frequent in Africans, is a good indicator of African ancestry, although not all Africans show it. Thus, the analysis of the M168 locus helped to determine the origin of Y chromosomes. These markers indicated a range from 11 to 55% of probable African contribution in the quilombos. Only in Pedro Cubas the frequency of African Y chromosomes was higher than the one European Y chromosomes. In Abobral, the frequency of African Y chromosomes was approximately 40%, being the most African of the quilombo populations, when Y chromosomes are considered. The total haplotype diversity in the quilombos was similar to the one observed for the sample from Sao Paulo, probably due to the diversity of African populatons that originated the quilombos, or the admixture with other

"Variabilidade molecular do cromossomo Y em remanescentes de quilombos do Vale do Ribeira"