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Land planarians (Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae) are hermaphroditic, free-living and predatory organisms, that inhabit humid forests. The subfamily Geoplaninae is restricted to the Neotropical region, and includes ca. 270 species. Currently, Geoplana Stimpson, 1857, the type-genus of the subfamily, comprises three species, Geoplana vaginuloides (Darwin, 1844), Geoplana chita Frohelich, 1956 e Geoplana pulchella Schultze & Müller, 1857, all of them found in the Brazilian Atlantic forest. The original description of the type-species of the genus, G. vaginuloides, was described from a single individual collected by Darwin in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) in 1832. He described only the external aspect of the specimen and its location remains unknown. Subsequently, other authors studied this species and provided up to seven chromatic patterns of the dorsum, but in a recent paper, a polyphyletic condition of the species was demonstrated by means of molecular data. This situation entails the need to circumscribe the species in order to stabilize the txonomy of the subfamily. This works aims at achieving a taxonomic revision of the genus by using phenotypic and molecular data. All available material of Geoplana mentioned in literatute was studied, besides additional specimens from other collections or here collected for this purpose. Phenotypic examination enabled us to recognize up to 13 morphospecies, which differ each other mainly by means of these features: color of the dorsum, shape and relative development of the penis bulb; position of the junction of the sperm ducts with each other; region of the male atrium from which the penis papilla projects; relative length of the penis papilla; distribution of the secretions within the papilla; relative thickness of the musculatura wrapping the ejaculatory duct; and type of epithelium lining the female atrium. Molecular phylogenetic analyses were performed with sequences of the mitochondrial region of the cytochrome oxidase I gene and the nuclear region of the elongation factor 1-alpha, both separately and concatenated. Parsimony and maximum likelihood were used as optimality criteria. Morphological and molecular data are congruent with each other and revealed a monophyletic condition of G. pulchella, but a polyphyletic condition of G. chita and G. vaginuloides. Interrelationships among internal branches varied depending on the gene and the optimality criterion and have relatively low support. However, the external branches are constituted by morphologically homogeneous individuals. This congruence enabled us to recognize 13 species; the external aspect of ten species compares well with G. vaginuloides, including members considered conspecific in the literature. These results lead us to recognize the following taxonomic entities: Geoplana vaginuloides (Darwin, 1844), G. apua Almeida & Carbayo, nom. nov., G. mogi Almeida & Carbayo, nom. nov., G. piratininga Almeida & Carbayo, nom. nov., G. paranapiacaba Almeida & Carbayo, sp. n., G. caraguatatuba Almeida & Carbayo sp. nov., G. ibiuna Almeida & Carbayo sp. nov., G. cananeia Almeida & Carbayo, sp. n., G. cambara Almeida & Carbayo sp. nov., G. iporanga Almeida & Carbayo sp. nov., G. pulchella Schultze & Müller, 1857, G. chita Froehlich, 1956, and G. boraceia Almeida & Carbayo, nom. nov. All these species possess longitudinal parenchymatic musculature, an uncommon characteristic in Geoplaninae (only unknown from Imbira), which is, by definition, absent in the subfamily. Accordingly, we suggest to emend the diagnoses of the Geoplana and Geoplaninae. Keys words: Geoplaninae, Systematics, Molecular phylogeny, Histology, Morphology

Revisão taxonômica das planárias terrestres de <i>Geoplana</i> (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida)