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SCHIAVONE, D.C. Macroinvertebrado bentônicos como indicadores da integridade de ecossistemas de água doce costeiros. Estudo de caso: lagoas do Parque das Dunas, Salvador, BA. 2014. 80f. Dissertação (Mestrado) Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos,2014. Coastal lakes are numerous freshwater bodies along Brazilian coast, being principally as habitats for the aquatic biota. They are nevertheless subject to great anthropogenic impacts. In the present work four coastal lakes located in the Protection Area of Parque das Dunas, in Salvador, Bahia, in two contrasting seasonal periods, the dry and the rainy periods, in which the lakes were compared. The benthic macro-invertebrates community was used as bio-indicator of environmental quality. Among the benthic organisms the dipteran larvae of the Chironomidae family were the most frequent and abundant. Their diet was also studied aiming to know the role of these organisms in the structure and trophicdynamics of theses community by the analysis of the food items in their digestive tube. The results obtained have shown that lakes Vitória, Junco and Camarão had acidic, relatively well oxygenated and of moderate electrical conductivity waters in both periods sampled. The richness of taxa was moderate in lakes Vitória and Junco, varying from13 to 21 taxa, and low in lakes Camarão and Negra, varying between 8 and 14 taxa. Regarding the similarity among communities composition, lakes Vitória and Camarão were the most similar (50%), and Lake Negra the most different (20%). The indicators used evidenced that all lakes are under disturbances and require management actions, however, Lake Negra should be the priority for restauration actions. In relation to the trophic ecology of the Chironomidae larvae, the results evidenced the consumption of many food items as: algae, small invertebrates, decomposing organic matter, and particulate inorganic detritus. According to their feeding modes and consumed items the different taxa were classified in four distinct functional trophic groups: Collector-gatherer-detritivores, that comprised most chironomid taxa recorded in the coastal lakes; the Collector-gatherer-herbivores, the Predator-omnivores comprising all genera of the sub-family Tanypodinae and the Shredders. We concluded that probably omnivory is the strategy allowing the co-existence of organisms from many different taxa, being responsible for the richness of Chironomidae in the benthic communities of the studied coastal lakes. Key-words: benthic macroinvertebrates; coastal lakes; biomonitoring; Chironomidae diets; omnivory. Capítulo 1: Macroinvertebrados bentônicos como indicadores da qualidade ambiental em lagoas costeiras Resumo As lagoas costeiras são abundantes ao longo da costa de muitos continentes e também no Brasil tendo grande relevância social, econômica e biológica. Apesar de desempenharem relevantes papéis na vida humana e natureza atuando como habitat para a biota aquática, provendo serviços ecológicos e elementos cênicos na paisagem estão, em sua grande maioria, sob severos impactos antrópicos. No presente estudo quatro lagoas costeiras localizadas na da Área de Proteção Ambiental Parque das Dunas, em Salvador, Bahia, foram estudadas e comparadas quanto a alguns de seus aspectos físicos, químicos e biológicos. As comunidades de macroinvertebrados bentônicos foram analisadas e comparadas em relação à composição taxonômica, estrutura em tamanho e abundâncias populacionais. Os índices de diversidade de Shannon, a riqueza de espécies, os índices de equitabilidade e similaridade, além de outras métricas derivadas da comunidade foram obtidos. Dados de densidade numérica e de biomassa das diferentes populações, acumulados e plotados em ordem decrescente de importância (curvas ABC) e combinados com a estatística W foram utilizados para avaliar a qualidade ambiental das lagoas estudadas. Os resultados evidenciaram que as lagoas Vitória e Junco tiveram águas de pH neutro, bem oxigenadas, baixa condutividade elétrica e elevada temperatura em ambos os períodos amostrados. Nas quatro lagoas a riqueza de espécies de macroinvertebrados em geral foi baixa, com riquezas variando de 8 a 21 táxons enre as lagoas e períodos amostrados. Os índices de diversidade de Shannon variaram 1,18 a 2,21 bits/ind. tendo o maior valor sido registrado para a Lagoa do Junco, e o menor para a Lagoa Negra. Quanto à similaridade em relação à presença e ausência de táxons, as lagoas Vitória e do Camarão foram as mais semelhantes (50%), enquanto a lagoa Negra teve baixa similaridade com as outras três lagoas (20%). Todos os índices biológicos obtidos evidenciaram que as quatro lagoas estão perturbadas, mas que a Lagoa Vitória e a Lagoa do Junco têm comunidades de macroinvertebrados bentônicos mais diversificadas e menos perturbadas do que as lagoas do Camarão e Negra. Concluiu-se que todas as lagoas necessitam de manejo, mas que a Lagoa Negra deveria ter prioritáridade quanto a ações de restauração. Palavras-chave: Comunidade Bentônica, Biomonitoramento, Curvas ABC, Estatística W, Lagoas Costeiras. Abstract Coastal lakes are abundant along the coast of all continents andalso in Brazil having great social, economic and biological relevance. Although playing relevant roles in human life and nature acting as habitats to aquatic biota, suppliers of ecological services and scenic elements in the landscape, most of them are subjected to severe anthropogenic impacts. In this study four coastal lakes located in the Environmental Protection Area “Parque das Dunas, Salvador, Bahia,” were characterized and compared in relation to physical, chemical and biological aspects. Benthic macroinvertebrates communities were analyzed and compared regarding their taxonomical composition, size structure and population abundances. Shannon diversity, species richness, equitability indices and similarity besides other communit derived metrics were obtained. Data on numerical abundances and biomass of the different populations, accumulated and plotted in decreasing order of relevance (ABC curves) and combined with W statistics were used to evaluate the environmental quality of the coastal lakes studied. The results evidenced that Lagoa Vitória and Lagoa do Junco waters had nearly neutral pH, high amounts of dissolved oxygen, low electrical conductivity and high temperatures in both sampling periods. Lagoa do Camarão and Lagoa Negra differed from the others having waters of higher electrical conductivity. Shannon diversity index varied betwee 1.18 and 2.21 bits.ind-1. With the highest value recorded for Lake Junco and the lowest for Lake Negra. Regarding the similarity based on presence and absence of macroinvertebrate taxa, Lakes Victória and Junco were the most similar (50%) whereas Lake Negra had the lowest similarity with the other three lakes (20%). The biological indices obtained pointed out that all four lakes are disturbed systems, but that lakes Victoria and Junco have more diversified and less disturbed benthic macroinvertebrates communities than lakes Camarão and Negra. We concluded that all four lakes need management actions, but that Lake Negra should have priority regarding restoration actions.Coastal lakes are abundant along the coast of all continents andalso in Brazil having great social, economic and biological relevance. Although playing relevant roles in human life and nature acting as habitats to aquatic biota, suppliers of ecological services and scenic elements in the landscape, most of them are subjected to severe anthropogenic impacts. In this study four coastal lakes located in the Environmental Protection Area “Parque das Dunas, Salvador, Bahia,” were characterized and compared in relation to physical, chemical and biological aspects. Benthic macroinvertebrates communities were analyzed and compared regarding their taxonomical composition, size structure and population abundances. Shannon diversity, species richness, equitability indices and similarity besides other communit derived metrics were obtained. Data on numerical abundances and biomass of the different populations, accumulated and plotted in decreasing order of relevance (ABC curves) and combined with W statistics were used to evaluate the environmental quality of the coastal lakes studied. The results evidenced that Lagoa Vitória and Lagoa do Junco waters had nearly neutral pH, high amounts of dissolved oxygen, low electrical conductivity and high temperatures in both sampling periods. Lagoa do Camarão and Lagoa Negra differed from the others having waters of higher electrical conductivity. Shannon diversity index varied betwee 1.18 and 2.21 bits.ind-1. With the highest value recorded for Lake Junco and the lowest for Lake Negra. Regarding the similarity based on presence and absence of macroinvertebrate taxa, Lakes Victória and Junco were the most similar (50%) whereas Lake Negra had the lowest similarity with the other three lakes (20%). The biological indices obtained pointed out that all four lakes are disturbed systems, but that lakes Victoria and Junco have more diversified and less disturbed benthic macroinvertebrates communities than lakes Camarão and Negra. We concluded that all four lakes need management actions, but that Lake Negra should have priority regarding restoration actions.

Macroinvertebrados bentônicos como indicadores da integridade de ecossistemas de água doce costeiros. Estudo de caso: lagoas do Parque das Dunas, Salvador, BA