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Nitrogen in depth – immobilization and recovery by maize No–tillage (NT) cultivation induces the accumulation of organic matter in the soil surface, a fact that can reduce nitrogen (N) recovery by maize (Zea mays L.) as a function of the immobilization, a result of the high carbon content in comparison to amount of N available. One of the alternatives may be the deep placed of the N, prioritizing the application of the N near the plant root system. Studies in this sense are common for urea fertilizer. However, there are few studies conducted with non–amide sources, such as ammonium nitrate, and in the edaphoclimatic conditions of Brazil. The objective was to verify a N application zone in the soil that have less active microbiologically, which allows an increase of the fertilizer N recovery by the corn plant (FNR) in comparison to the soil surface application, in order to orient the farmers where the N–fertilizer was applied. Three corn experiments were conducted in the field (Taquarituba crop 2015/16 and 2016/17 with clay soil and Leme crop 2016/17 with sandy–loam soil) comparing the application of N on the soil surface with two subsurface applications (0.2 and 0.4 m in Taquarituba and 0.1 and 0.2 m in Leme, state of São Paulo, Brazil). The results indicated that the soil surface had higher respirometry and dehydrogenase activity than the other depths where the N was applied, indicating a higher microbiological activity of the soil surface in relation to the other deep placed. The application of N–fertilizer on the soil surface changes the dynamics of these attributes during 32 days of evaluation, assuming different patterns in each area and year of cultivation. The variables Total N of Recovered Fertilizer (TNRF %) and N in Soil From Fertilizer (NSFF kg.ha–1) were higher when N was applied to the soil surface and near the zones where fertilization occurred than at the other N application deep placed. The values of total N in the soil were also higher when N was applied to the surface than to the subsurface applications. For the N recovery variables, it was verified that the treatments were not significant for FNR, N in Plants From Fertilizer (NPPF kg.ha–1), accumulation of 15N in biomass and N in the grains, as well as the grains yield. However, the accumulation of N in the grains and total N of the shoots (kg.ha–1) were high when N was applied at 0.2 m in the soils of Taquarituba crop 2016/17 compared to application at 0.4 m and equal to the values found on the surface; in the experiment conducted in Leme crop 2016/17 these variables were higher in the soil surface than in the other depths of N application. The application of N in the soil subsurface can be alternative to ensure high N content in grains and total N in shoots of maize, but its null effect on the recovery of 15N–fertilizer by the plant and on the grain yield may make the use of this management unfeasible. Therefore, long-term experiments should be conducted to better explain the beneficial effect of the deep placed of N–fertilizer to the soil for maize.

Nitrogênio em profundidade - imobilização e recuperação pelo milho