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Regulation of the gut microbiota of permissive and non-permissive hosts parasitized by Cotesia flavipes (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) Parasitoids interfere with the immune system of their hosts by influencing the expression of genes related to cellular and humoral responses, which may interfere with the host gut microbiota relationship. Furthermore, parasitoids induce physiological changes in the host, modifying food consumption and utilization, influencing then the host gut microbiota. These changes can affect the relationship and contributions of the gut microbiota to the host and therefore influence parasitoid development. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of parasitism by Cotesia flavipes (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in the structure and potential functional contribution of the gut microbiota of the permissive host Diatraea saccharalis (F.) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and the non-permissive host Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) . In addition, the participation of the secretions female parasitoids (venon, calyx fluid and symbiotic virus) use in host regulation in the manipulation of the host gut microbiota was also investigated. The effects of host parasitization on the microbiota associated with the anterior (foregut-midgut) and posterior (hindgut) portions of host gut were evaluated at the early (1 DAP day after parasitism), intermediate (5 DAP) and final (9 DAP) stages of parasitoid larval development. The diversity and abundance of the gut microbiota of D. saccharalis and S. frugiperda was compared in between parasitized and non-parasitized larvae by C. flavipes. The gut microbiota was characterized by sequencing the V4 region of the 16S ribosomal gene using the Illumina MiSeq platform. The software package QIIME was used for taxonomic attribution and the PICRUSt software was used to infer the potential funcional contribution of the gut microbiota. Host parasitization affected the abundance and diversity of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of the two gut regions investigated (foregut-midgut and hindgut) in both hosts. The changes observed for both gut regions did not follow the same pattern throughout parasitoid development. Changes in the gut microbiota induced by parasitization reflected in significant changes in the potential of the functional contribution of the gut microbiota associated with D. saccharalis and S. frugiperda. Analyses of pseudo-parasitized larvae demonstrated that the maternal secretions female parasitoids inject when ovipositing are involved, at least partially, with the processes that lead to changes in the abundance, diversity and potential functional contribution of the host gut microbita. These results indicate that other factors / changes produced during normal parasitization, such as secretions from teratocytes and/or the developing parasitoid larvae can also be involved in the manipulation of host gut microbiota. Several of the changes observed in the potential contribution of the host gut microbiota may reflect its nutritional quality and therefore favor host exploitation by parasitoids. Thus, the process of host regulation by parasitoids also involves the regulation of the gut-associated bacteria, which altogether comprise the holobionte represented by the host larvae.

Regulação da microbiota intestinal de hospedeiros permissivo e não- permissivo por Cotesia flavipes (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)