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Sugarcane vinasse: greenhouse gases fluxes and archaeal community in the distribution’s channel sediment The global growing concern about an eventual climate change due to the increasing atmospheric greenhouse gases (GHG) concentrations spur on the search for renewable energy sources. Among the possibilities, ethanol is getting global prominence. Brazil is the greatest producer of ethanol derived from sugar-cane. The production of this biofuel helps to reduce GHG emission replacing the use of petroleum and producing energy by bagasse burning. However, it is necessary to quantify its effective off-set analyzing all steps of production. The main residue of the sugarethanol industry is the vinasse, which is generated in high quantity and is usually applied to soil as fertirrigation. Several studies mention the benefits of vinasse application to soil cultivated with sugarcane, but few is known about possible impacts on environment, especially in what concerns GHG emissions. The objective of this work was to evaluate GHG emissions from the vinasse during its flux in distribution channels and after its application to soil by aspersion. Besides, the structure of archaea community of the sludge deposited at the channel’s bottom was investigated, evaluating the influence of biotic and abiotic factors on GHG emission rates and microbial community. The study was developed at Usina Iracema, located in Iracemápolis (SP). GHG samples were taken at six different points along the vinasse distribution channel and after its application at sites where sugar cane is harvest preceded or not by straw burning. Samples from sedimented sludge were collected from the channel and archaeas communities were assessed by DGGE analyses. Emissions rates of CO2-C and CH4-C from vinasse were influenced by the physical-chemical composition of this residue. Although significant emission rates of CO2C have been measured, they were not included in total emission calculations, since this gas is reabsorbed by photosynthesis. N2O-N emissions were very low, demonstrating that the vinasse does not promote favorable conditions to its building. The conversion of N2O-N and CH4-C fluxes into CO2 eq demonstrated that methane represents about 99% of total emission of vinasse while into the distribution channel. The soil fertirrigation with vinasse increased CO2-C and N2ON emissions, but did not influence C-CH4 emission rate. Nitrous oxide originated by N content in vinasse applied to soil represented 0.68 and 0.44 % (kg N2O-N.kg N ), respectively, from areas were harvest was or was not preceeded by burning. N2O-N and CH4-C fluxes converted to CO2 eq showed that vinasse application increased emissions by 46.0 e 30.9 kg of CO2 eq. ha -1 respectively, at areas were harvest was or was not preceded by burning. Considering that vinasse is usually applied in rates of 200 m ha the areas were harvest was or was not preceded by burning could emit a total of 493.9 and 489.1 kg CO2 eq. ha -1 respectively. In the final account, 90% of total GHG emission from vinasse was originated from the distribution channel. The DGGE technique demonstrated changes in total and functional community structure of archaeal according to sampling point. They were also strongly correlated to environmental conditions end C-CH4 production.

Vinhaça da cana-de-açúcar: fluxos de gases de efeito estufa e comunidades de archaea presente no sedimento do canal de distribuição