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in 1766, the German physician Franz Anton mesmer (1734–1815) presented at the faculty of medicine in Vienna his doctoral thesis on the Influence of the Planets on the Human Body (De planetarum influxu in corpus humanum), which was inspired by the De imperio solis ac lunae (1704), a work by richard mead (1673–1754), a disciple of newton. in the thesis, Mesmer asserted that the cosmos and bodies floated in a universal fluid, which he called ‘animal magnetism’. Diseases resulted from disorders of animal magnetism within individuals, and he proposed brand-new treatments to cure these disorders. Around 1775, mesmer sent his small monograph to different academies of science in Europe and to selected scientists. Only the Berlin Academy answered, but dismissed his work. in February 1778, he arrived in Paris, where he began to cure patients. A French physician from lyon, Dr Jean-emmanuel Gilibert (1741–1814), started to show interest in this mesmerist doctrine. Gilibert was a renowned physician and botanist. in 1775, he went to the Grand Duchy of lithuania where he founded a medical school and a hospital in the town of Grodno (in present-day Belarus), where he worked from 1775 until 1781. He then moved to Vilnius to teach natural history at the Principal school of the Grand Duchy of lithuania (schola Princeps magni Ducatus lithuaniae, today Vilnius university), before returning to France in 1783. Gilibert was a strong believer in vitalism, a medical doctrine which stated that the physician should intervene as little as possible in healing the sick and letting nature do the healing. He saw animal magnetism as an expression of vitalism and carried out numerous experiments, which he described in letters addressed to his friend Antoine-

From Vitalism to Animal Magnetism: The Mesmerist Experiments of Dr Jean-Emmanuel Gilibert (1741–1814)