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community recognized the difficulties associated with the lack of high quality data for the period in question (the Iraqis terminated all meteorological reporting) and joined together to generate a refined data set which has become the basis for most modeling exercises. This reanalysis data set is available from the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colo., USA. The authors suggest that the ‘thermal’ plume rising over the bombing sites retained its temperature characteristics while traveling over a long distance. In reality, only an ‘air mass’, with a horizontal scale up to thousands of kilometers, has this property [3] . The plume resulting from bombings is much smaller, perhaps only a few hundred meters initially; will be diluted rapidly, through mixing with the background air; and will quickly lose its initial temperature characteristics. Furthermore, the authors imply that bombings of the Iraqi chemical weapons infrastructure caused all warfare agents to be instantaneously captured by the buoyant debris plume that subsequently penetrated the nocturnal atmospheric boundary layer into the residual layer. While plume rise is a well-studied subject [4] , whether all the agents were captured in this initial buoyant plume is highly uncertain. In fact, field and laboratory testing for another incident during the 1991 Gulf War (i.e. US demolition operations at the Khamisiyah ammunition depot [5] ) show that only about 10% of the agents was released instantaneously into the atmosphere, whereas the remaining 90% was released through continuous, time-varying evaporation from agent-soaked soil and wood. Release from this slow evaporation will not have the sufficient buoyancy to penetrate the nocturnal boundary layer. Moreover, evaporation is likely to last well into daytime when the nocturnal boundary layer is no longer relevant.

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Comments on a Recent Article on Meteorological and Intelligence Evidence of Long-Distance Transit of Chemical Weapons Fallout from Bombing Early in the 1991 Persian Gulf War