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Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta regulates cell growth inhibition. When tumor cells lose their sensitivity to TGF-beta growth inhibition, the excess TGF-beta that results may act on tumor cells to facilitate tumor development. Previously, we have shown that an elevated systemic TGF-beta 1 level is not related to tumor progression in esophageal cancer (Y. Fukai et al., Int J Cancer 2003;104:161-6). We considered that systemic inflammation or chronic disease, in addition to the tumor, may influence the plasma TGF-beta level. Therefore, we examined the hypothesis that the plasma TGF-beta level measured from the azygos vein would independently predict tumor progression and prognosis in patients with esophageal cancer.

Plasma Level of Transforming Growth Factor β1 Measured from the Azygos Vein Predicts Prognosis in Patients with Esophageal Cancer