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There is evidence that cancer stem-like cells (CSC) and neuroendocrine behavior play critical roles in the pathogenesis and clinical course of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (m-CRPC). However, there is limited mechanistic understanding of how CSC and neuroendocrine phenotypes impact the development of m-CRPC. In this study, we explored the role of the intracellular chemokine CXCL12γ in CSC induction and neuroendocrine differentiation and its impact on m-CRPC. CXCL12γ expression was detected in small-cell carcinoma of metastatic tissues and circulating tumor cells from m-CRPC patients and in prostate cancer cells displaying an neuroendocrine phenotype. Mechanistic investigations demonstrated that overexpression of CXCL12γ induced CSC and neuroendocrine phenotypes in prostate cancer cells through CXCR4-mediated PKCα/NFκB signaling, which promoted prostate tumor outgrowth, metastasis, and chemoresistance in vivo Together, our results establish a significant function for CXCL12γ in m-CRPC development and suggest it as a candidate therapeutic target to control aggressive disease. Significance: Expression of CXCL12γ induces the expression of a cancer stem cell and neuroendocrine phenotypes, resulting in the development of aggressive m-CRPC. Cancer Res; 78(8); 2026-39. ©2018 AACR .

CXCL12γ Promotes Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer by Inducing Cancer Stem Cell and Neuroendocrine Phenotypes