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A growing body of evidence suggests that the inflammatory NFκB pathway is associated with the progression of ER + tumors to more aggressive stages. However, it is unknown whether NFκB is a driver or a consequence of aggressive ER + disease. To investigate this question, we developed breast cancer cell lines expressing an inducible, constitutively active form of IκB kinase β (CA-IKKβ), a key kinase in the canonical NFκB pathway. We found that CA-IKKβ blocked E2-dependent cell proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo in a reversible manner, suggesting that IKKβ may contribute to tumor dormancy and recurrence of ER + disease. Moreover, coactivation of ER and IKKβ promoted cell migration and invasion in vitro and drove experimental metastasis in vivo Gene expression profiling revealed a strong association between ER and CA-IKKβ-driven gene expression and clinically relevant invasion and metastasis gene signatures. Mechanistically, the invasive phenotype appeared to be driven by an expansion of a basal/stem-like cell population rather than EMT. Taken together, our findings suggest that coactivation of ER and the canonical NFκB pathway promotes a dormant, metastatic phenotype in ER + breast cancer and implicates IKKβ as a driver of certain features of aggressive ER + breast cancer. Significance: The canonical NFκB pathway promotes expansion of stem/basal-like cells and a dormant, metastatic phenotype in ER + breast cancer cells. Cancer Res; 78(4); 974-84. ©2017 AACR .

Coactivation of Estrogen Receptor and IKKβ Induces a Dormant Metastatic Phenotype in ER-Positive Breast Cancer