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Constitutive nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation is among the many deregulated signaling pathways that are proposed to drive pancreatic cancer cell growth and survival. Recent reports suggest that glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta) plays a key role in maintaining basal NF-kappaB target gene expression and cell survival in pancreatic cancer cell lines. However, the mechanism by which GSK-3beta facilitates constitutive NF-kappaB signaling in pancreatic cancer remains unclear. In this report, we analyze the contributions of both GSK-3 isoforms (GSK-3alpha and GSK-3beta) in regulating NF-kappaB activation and cell proliferation in pancreatic cancer cell lines (Panc-1 and MiaPaCa-2). We show that GSK-3 isoforms are differentially required to maintain basal NF-kappaB DNA binding activity, transcriptional activity, and cell proliferation in Panc-1 and MiaPaCa-2 cells. Our data also indicate that IkappaB kinase (IKK) subunits are not equally required to regulate pancreatic cancer-associated NF-kappaB activity and cell growth. Importantly, we provide the first evidence that GSK-3 maintains constitutive NF-kappaB signaling in pancreatic cancer by regulating IKK activity. These data provide new insight into GSK-3-dependent NF-kappaB regulation and further establish GSK-3 and IKK as potential therapeutic targets for pancreatic cancer.

Maintenance of Constitutive IκB Kinase Activity by Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3α/β in Pancreatic Cancer