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Shear-force apertureless scanning near-field optical microscopy(SNOM) with very sharp uncoated tapered waveguides relies on theunexpected enhancement of reflection in the shear-force gap. It isthe technique for obtaining chemical (materials) contrast in theoptical image of “real world” surfaces that are rough and veryrough without topographical artifacts, and it is by far lesscomplicated than other SNOM techniques that can only be used forvery flat surfaces. The experimental use of the new photophysicaleffect is described. The applications of the new technique aremanifold. Important mechanistic questions in solid-state chemistry(oxidation, diazotization, photodimerization, surface hydration,hydrolysis) are answered with respect to simultaneous AFM (atomicforce microscopy) and detailed crystal packing. Prehistoricpetrified bacteria and concomitant pyrite inclusions are alsoinvestigated with local RAMAN SNOM. Polymer beads and unstainedbiological objects (rabbit heart, shrimp eye) allow for nanoscopicanalysis of cell organelles. Similarly, human teeth and acancerous tissue are analyzed. Bladder cancer tissue is clearlydifferentiated from healthy tissue without staining and this opensa new highly promising diagnostic tool for precancer diagnosis.Industrial applications are demonstrated at the corrosion behaviorof dental alloys (withdrawal of a widely used alloy, harmlesssubstitutes), improvement of paper glazing, behavior of blood bagsupon storage, quality assessment of metal particle preparationsfor surface enhanced RAMAN spectroscopy, and determination ofdiffusion coefficient and light fastness in textile fiber dyeing.The latter applications include fluorescence SNOM. Localfluorescence SNOM is also used in the study of partly aggregatingdye nanoparticles within resin/varnish preparations. Unexpectednew insights are obtained in all of the various fields that cannotbe obtained by other techniques

Scanning near-field optical microscopy on rough surfaces: Applications in chemistry, biology, and medicine