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Injuries and fatalities for vulnerable road users, especially bicyclists andpedestrians, are on the rise. To better inform design for vulnerable roadusers, we need to conduct more studies to evaluate how bicyclist and pedestrianbehavior and physiological states change in different roadway designs andcontextual settings. Previous research highlights the advantages of ImmersiveVirtual Environment (IVE) in conducting bicyclist and pedestrian studies. Theseenvironments do not put participants at risk of getting injured, are low-costcompared to on-road or naturalistic studies and allow researchers to fullycontrol variables of interest. In this paper, we propose a framework ORCLSim,to support human sensing techniques within IVE to evaluate bicyclist andpedestrian physiological and behavioral changes in different contextualsettings. To showcase this framework, we present two case studies where wecollect and analyze pilot data from five participants' physiological andbehavioral responses in an IVE setting, representing real-world roadwaysegments and traffic conditions. Results from these case studies indicate thatphysiological data is sensitive to road environment changes and real-timeevents, especially changes in heart rate and gaze behavior. Additionally, ourpreliminary data indicates participants may respond differently to variousroadway settings (e.g., intersections with or without traffic signal). Byanalyzing these changes, we can identify how participants' stress levels andcognitive load is impacted by the simulated surrounding environment. TheORCLSim system architecture can be further utilized for future studies inusers' behavioral and physiological responses in different virtual realitysettings.

ORCLSim: A System Architecture for Studying Bicyclist and Pedestrian Physiological Behavior Through Immersive Virtual Environments