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Connexin 43- (Cx43-) mediated nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell (NF-κB) signaling has been found involved in the ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL). However, the underlying mechanism how OPLL is regulated has not been elucidated. In the present study, primary ligament fibroblast were isolated; immunoprecipitation (IP) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) assays were applied to identify potential binding proteins of Cx43. Protein interaction was then confirmed by co-IP assay. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and alizarin red staining were used to evaluate ossification. Luciferase reporter assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay were employed to assess the binding between NF-κB p65 and target gene. Lipoxygenase inhibitor (5,8,11-eicosatriynoic acid, EPA) was applied to induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA) was used as an ER-stress inhibitor. Expression of USP9X, Cx43, and nuclei p65 in ligaments from patients and controls was detected by Western blotting. The results showed that ubiquitin-specific protease 9 X-chromosome (USP9X), a deubiquitylating enzyme, was a candidate of Cx43 binding proteins, and USP9X inhibited Cx43 ubiquitination. In vitro experiments showed that USP9X promoted ossification of primary ligament fibroblasts and nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 by regulating Cx43 expression. Moreover, NF-κB can bind to the USP9X promoter to promote its transcription. When ER stress was inhibited by 4-PBA, USP9X levels, NF-κB nuclei translocation, and ALP activity were decreased. Reverse results were obtained when ER stress was induced by EPA. PDTC, an NF-κB inhibitor, could abolish the effects of EPA. Furthermore, USP9X, Cx43, and nuclei p65 were significantly upregulated in ligaments from OPLL patients than non-OPLL controls. USP9X was positively correlated with CX43 and nuclei p65 in OPLL samples. Overall, the findings suggest that the ER stress–NFκB-USP9X-Cx43 signaling pathway plays an important role in OPLL progression.

oxidative medicine and cellular longevity

The Effect of the NFκB-USP9X-Cx43 Axis on the Dynamic Balance of Bone Formation/Degradation during Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament of the Cervical Spine