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Objective. System modeling is an important method to study the working mechanisms of the brain. This study attempted to build a model of the brain from the perspective of thermodynamics at the system level, which brought a new perspective to brain modeling. Approach. Regarding brain regions as systems, voxels as particles, and intensity of signals as energy of particles, the thermodynamic model of the brain was built based on the canonical ensemble theory. Two pairs of activated regions and two pairs of inactivated brain regions were selected for comparison in this study, and the thermodynamic properties based on the proposed model were analyzed. In addition, the thermodynamic properties were extracted as input features for the detection of Alzheimer’s disease. Main Results. The experimental results verified the assumption that the brain follows thermodynamic laws. This demonstrated the feasibility and rationality of the proposed brain thermodynamic modeling method, indicating that thermodynamic parameters drawn from our model can be applied to describe the state of the neural system. Meanwhile, the brain thermodynamic model achieved good accuracy in the detection of Alzheimer’s disease, suggesting the potential application of thermodynamic models in auxiliary diagnosis. Significance. (1) In the previous studies, only some thermodynamic parameters in physics were analogized and applied to brain image analysis, while, in this study, a complete system model of the brain was proposed through the principles of thermodynamics. And, based on the neural system models proposed, thermodynamic parameters were obtained to describe the observation and evolution of the neural system. (2) Based on the proposed thermodynamic models, we found and confirmed that the neural system also follows the laws of thermodynamics: the activation of system always leads to increased internal energy, increased free energy, and decreased entropy as what is discovered in many other systems besides classic thermodynamic system. (3) The detection of neural disease was demonstrated to benefit from the thermodynamic model, which confirmed that the thermodynamic model proposed can indeed describe the evolution of the neural system diseases. And it further implied the immense potential of thermodynamics in auxiliary diagnosis.

Brain Model Based on the Canonical Ensemble with Functional MRI: A Thermodynamic Exploration of the Neural System