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Soluble epoxide hydrolase 2 (EPHX2) is an enzyme promoting increased cellular apoptosis through induction of oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation. The  EPHX2  gene which encodes soluble EPHX2 might be implicated in the pathogenesis and development of OS and atherosclerosis. We aimed to assess the possible association between two functional polymorphisms of the  EPHX2  gene (rs2741335 and rs11780592) with oxidized LDL (ox-LDL), carotid atherosclerosis, mortality, and cardiovascular (CV) disease in 118 patients with diabetic chronic kidney disease (CKD). At baseline, ox-LDL and carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) were evaluated and all patients were followed for seven years with outcomes all-cause mortality and CV events. rs11780592  EPHX2  polymorphism was associated with ox-LDL, cIMT, albuminuria, and hypertension. Compared to AG and GG, AA homozygotes had higher values of albuminuria, ox-LDL, and cIMT ( p  = 0.046,  p  = 0.003, and  p  = 0.038, respectively). These associations remained significant, even after grouping for the G allele. After the follow-up period, 42/118 patients died (30/60 with AA genotype, 11/42 with AG genotype, and 1/12 with GG genotype) and 49/118 experienced a new CV event (fatal or nonfatal). The Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that patients with the AA genotype exhibited a significantly higher mortality risk, compared to patients with AG and GG genotypes ( p  = 0.006). This association became even stronger, when AG and GG genotypes were grouped (AA vs. AG/GG,  p  = 0.002). AA homozygotes were strongly associated with all-cause mortality in both univariate (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.74, confidence interval (CI) = 1.40–5.35,  p  = 0.003) and multivariate Cox regression analysis (HR = 2.61, CI = 1.32–5.17,  p  = 0.006). In conclusion, our study demonstrated that genetic variations of  EPHX2  gene were associated with increased circulating ox-LDL, increased cIMT, and all-cause mortality in diabetic CKD. Since  EPHX2  regulates the cholesterol efflux and the oxidation of LDL in foam cells and macrophages, our study suggests that a genetic basis to endothelial dysfunction and OS might be present in diabetic CKD.

oxidative medicine and cellular longevity

Association of rs11780592 Polymorphism in the Human Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Gene (EPHX2) with Oxidized LDL and Mortality in Patients with Diabetic Chronic Kidney Disease