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Localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) caused by  Leishmania  ( Viannia )  panamensis  is an endemic disease in Panama. This condition causes ulcerated skin lesions characterized by a mixed Th1/Th2 immune response that is responsible for disease pathology. However, the maintenance of the  in situ  inflammatory process involves other elements, such as Th17 and inflammasome responses. Although these processes are associated with parasite elimination, their role in the increase in disease pathology cannot be discarded. Thus, the role in  Leishmania  infection is still unclear. In this sense, the present study aimed at characterizing the Th17 and inflammasome responses in the skin lesions of patients with LCL caused by  L.  ( V. )  panamensis  to help elucidate the pathogenesis of this disease in Panama. Th17 and inflammasome responses were evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHQ) in 46 skin biopsies from patients with LCL caused by  L.  ( V. )  panamensis . The Th17 immune response was assessed using CD3, CD4, RoR γ t, IL-17, IL-6, IL-23, and TGF- β 1 antibodies, and the inflammasome response was assessed by IL-1 β , IL-18, and caspase-1 antibodies. The presence of the Th17 and inflammasome responses was evidenced by a positive reaction for all immunological markers in the skin lesions. An inverse correlation between the density of amastigotes and the density of RoR γ t + , IL-17 + , IL-1 β  + , and caspase-1 +  cells was observed, but no correlation between Th17 and the inflammasome response with evolutionary disease pathology was reported. These data showed the participation of Th17 cells and the inflammasome in the inflammatory response of the skin lesions of LCL caused by  L.  ( V. )  panamensis  infection. These results suggest a role in the control of tissue parasitism of IL-17 and the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome dependent on IL-1 β  but cannot exclude their role in the development of disease pathology.

Involvement of the Inflammasome and Th17 Cells in Skin Lesions of Human Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis