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Foeniculum vulgare  is a medicinal plant used in Moroccan folk medicine to treat several diseases such as diabetes. The aim of this study was to determine the phenolic bioactive compounds and to evaluate the antioxidant and antihyperglycemic activities of  Foeniculum vulgare  leaf and rootstock extracts. Phenolic compounds of  F. vulgare  rootstock and leaf extracts were determined using HPLC-DAD-QTOFMS analysis. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS •+ ) radicals. Moreover, the  in vitro  antihyperglycemic effects were tested by measuring the inhibition of  α -amylase and  α -glucosidase activities. HPLC-DAD-QTOFMS analysis identified thirty-two phenolic components in both leaf and rootstock extracts. Caffeic acid, quinic acid, and chlorogenic acid were the major compounds of  F. vulgare  leaf extract (FVLE), while the main compound of  F. vulgare  rootstock extracts (FVRE) was quinic acid. In the DPPH assay,  F. vulgare  leaf extract showed important antioxidant activity (IC 50  = 12.16 ± 0.02  μ g/mL) than  F. vulgare  rootstock extract (IC 50  = 34.36 ± 0.09  μ g/mL). Moreover, fennel leaf extracts revealed also the most powerful antioxidant activity (IC 50  = 22.95 ± 0.4  μ g/mL) in the ABTS assay. The  in vitro  antihyperglycemic activity showed that  F. vulgare  rootstock extract exhibited a remarkable inhibitory capacity (IC 50  = 194.30 ± 4.8  μ g/mL) of  α -amylase compared with  F. vulgare  leaf extract (IC 50  = 1026.50 ± 6.5  μ g/mL). Furthermore, the inhibition of  α -glucosidase was more importantly with  F. vulgare  rootstock (IC 50  of 165.90 ± 1.2  μ g/mL) than  F. vulgare  leaf extracts (203.80 ± 1.3  μ g/mL). The funding of this study showed that  F. vulgare  rootstock and leaf extracts presented several phenolic compounds and showed important antioxidant and antidiabetic effects. We suggest that the identified molecules are responsible for the obtained activities. However, further studies focusing on the isolation and the determination of antioxidant and antidiabetic effects of  F. vulgare  rootstock and leaf main compounds are required.

advances in pharmacological and pharmaceutical sciences

Comparative Study of Leaf and Rootstock Aqueous Extracts of <i>Foeniculum vulgare</i> on Chemical Profile and <i>In Vitro</i> Antioxidant and Antihyperglycemic Activities

Comparative Study of Leaf and Rootstock Aqueous Extracts of Foeniculum vulgare on Chemical Profile and In Vitro Antioxidant and Antihyperglycemic Activities