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Background   With the wide use of antibiotics, antimicrobial resistance becomes a serious issue. Timely understanding of microbial pathogen profiles and the change of antimicrobial resistance provide an important guidance for effective and optimized use of antibiotics in local healthcare systems. The aim was to investigate the characteristics of microbial species and their antimicrobial resistances in a tertiary hospital with an Emergency Department and outpatient clinics for a period of six years.  Methodology . A retrospective study was conducted using the HIS database of a tertiary hospital between 2013 and 2018. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested by automated systems and/or the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method. The data were analyzed using the WHONET 5.6 software. The Cochran-Armitage test was used to study the trends over the period of research.Results   In a total of 19,028 specimens submitted for microbial tests during the period from 49 units of the hospital, only the samples from the Emergency Department and Kidney Transplantation Clinic showed an annually significant increase ( P  < 0.001). More than 200 species with 46.4% gram-positive cocci and 45.3% gram-negative bacilli were identified in the 3,849 nonrepetitive isolates. The methicillin-resistant  S. aureus  and  S. epidermidis  rates were 25.1% and 74.6%, respectively. 60.9%  E. coli  and 33.5%  K. pneumonia  samples carried extended-spectrum- β -lactamase. All  Staphylococci  and  Enterococci  samples were not resistant to linezolid, vancomycin, and tigecycline. In addition, only 0.01%  E. coli , 1.1%  K .  pneumonia , and 18.7%  P. aeruginosa  isolates showed resistance to carbapenems.Conclusions   Vancomycin, linezolid and tigecycline were the most effective antibiotics for outpatients with gram-positive infection. Carbapenems were the most effective antibiotics for gram-negative infection. There was no significant annual increase of common multidrug resistances.

the canadian journal of infectious diseases and medical microbiology/canadian journal of infectious diseases and medical microbiology

Microbial Predominance and Antimicrobial Resistance in a Tertiary Hospital in Northwest China: A Six-Year Retrospective Study of Outpatients and Patients Visiting the Emergency Department