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Objective   Diarrhea in infants is a serious gastrointestinal dysfunction characterized by vomiting and watery bowel movements. Without proper treatment, infants will develop a dangerous electrolyte imbalance. Diarrhea is accompanied by intestinal dysbiosis. This study compared the gut microbiota between healthy infants and diarrheic infants. It also investigated the effects of age and pathogen type on the gut microbiota of infants with diarrhea, providing data for the proper treatment for diarrhea in infants.Materials and Methods   DNA was collected from the fecal samples of 42 Chinese infants with diarrhea and 37 healthy infants. The healthy infants and infants with diarrhea were divided into four age groups: 0–120, 120–180, 180–270, and 270–365 days. Using PCR and 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing, the diarrhea-causing pathogens in these infants were identified and then categorized into four groups:  Salmonella  infection,  Staphylococcus aureus  infection, combined  Salmonella  and  Staphylococcus aureus  infection, and others (neither  Salmonella  nor  Staphylococcus aureus ).Results   The species diversity of gut microbiota in diarrheic infants was significantly reduced compared with that in healthy infants. Infants with diarrhea had a lower abundance of  Lactobacillus  spp. and  Bacillus  spp. ( P  < 0.001) and a significant richness of  Klebsiella  spp. and  Enterobacter  spp. ( P  < 0.001). Similar gut microbiota patterns were found in diarrheic infants in all four age groups. However, different pathogenic infections have significant effects on the gut microbiota of diarrheic infants. For instance, the relative abundance of  Klebsiella  spp. and  Streptococcus  spp. was significantly increased ( P  < 0.001) in infants infected with  Staphylococcus aureus ; meanwhile, the richness of bacteria such as  Enterobacter  spp. was significantly increased in the  Salmonella  infection group ( P  < 0.001).Conclusion   The microbiota in infants with diarrhea has changed significantly, characterized by decreased species diversity and abundance of beneficial bacteria and significant increase in the proportion of conditional pathogens. Meanwhile, the gut microbiota of infants with diarrhea at different ages was similar, but different pathogenic infections affect the gut microbiota characteristics. Therefore, early identification of changes in gut microbiota in infants with diarrhea and the adoption of appropriate pathogen type-specific interventions may effectively alleviate the disease and reduce adverse reactions.

The Impact of Age and Pathogens Type on the Gut Microbiota in Infants with Diarrhea in Dalian, China