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Background   Malaria is one of the most critical diseases causing about 219 million cases worldwide in developing countries. The spread and development of resistance against chemical antimalarial drugs is one of the major problems associated with malaria control. The present study was to investigate the antimalarial efficacy of ethyl acetate extract and one fraction of  Bidens pilosa in vivo  in order to support the usage of this plant by traditional healers to treat malaria.Methods   The extracts were prepared by maceration of  B. pilosa  leaf powder in ethyl acetate. The liquid filtrate of the extract and the best  in vitro  antiplasmodial fraction using HPLC were concentrated and evaporated using a rotavapor under vacuum to dryness. The antimalarial activity of  B. pilosa  plant products were evaluated  in vivo  against  Plasmodium berghei  infected mice according to the Peter and Rane test. The antimalarial efficacy of the a selected crude extract (ethyl acetate extract) was evaluated at 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg, while a selected fraction from ethyl acetate extract (fraction 12) was evaluated at 62.5 and 125 mg/kg. Blood from experimental animals was collected to assess hematological parameters.Results   The crude extract of ethyl acetate and fraction 12 demonstrated 100%  in vivo  parasite suppressive activity at doses of 500 mg/kg and 125 mg/kg, respectively, for the crude extract and fraction 12. The mice treated with 250 and 500 mg/kg had their parasitemia (intraerythrocytic phase of  P. Berghei ) drop considerably, disappearing by the 8 th  day in mice receiving 500 mg/kg. The ethyl acetate extract of  B. pilosa , fraction 12 showed an even higher antiplasmodial activity. By the 5 th  day of the experiment, the treatment led to a modification of hematological parameters in mice. The chloroquine (5 mg/kg), fraction 12 (125 mg/kg), and the crude extract (500 mg/kg) groups all survived the 30 days of the experiment, while the negative control group registered 100% of the deaths.Conclusion   This study scientifically supports the use of  Bidens pilosa  leaves in the traditional treatment of malaria. However, the mode of action and  in vivo  toxicity of the plant still need to be assessed.

Antimalarial Activity of Ethyl Acetate Extract and Fraction of Bidens pilosa against Plasmodium berghei (ANKA)