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Extended-spectrum  β -lactamase and their molecular mechanism in  Enterobacteriaceae  were analyzed in 126 fish samples of 9 various wild species, living in the lagoon of Bizerte in Tunisia. Fifty-nine (59) Gram-negative strains were isolated and identified as  Escherichia coli  ( n  = 24),  Klebsiella pneumonia  ( n  = 21),  Citrobacter freundii  ( n  = 8), and  Shigella boydii  ( n  = 6). Forty-seven ESBL producers were identified using the synergic test.  β -Lactamase genes detected were  bla  CTX-M-1  ( E. coli /15;  K. pneumonia /8;  C. freundii /1;  Sh. boydii /1),  bla  CTX-M-1 +  bla  OXA-1  ( E. coli /4;  K. pneumonia /3),  bla  CTX-M-1 +  bla  TEM-1-a  ( K. pneumonia /2),  bla  CTX-M-15 +  bla  TEM-1-a  ( K. pneumonia /1;  Sh. boydii /1),  bla  CTX-M-15 +  bla  OXA-1  ( K. pneumonia /1),  bla  CTX-M-15  ( E. coli /3;  K. pneumonia /1;  Sh. boydii /3), and  bla  CTX-M-9  ( C. freundii /3). Most strains (84.7%) showed a multiresistant phenotype.  qnrA  and  qnrB  genes were identified in six  E. coli  and in ten  E. coli +one  K. pneumonia  isolates, respectively. The resistance to tetracycline and sulfonamide was conferred by the  tet  and  sul  genes. Characterization of phylogenic groups in  E. coli  isolates revealed phylogroups D ( n  = 20 strains), B2 ( n  = 2), and A ( n  = 2). The studied virulence factor showed prevalence of  fimA  genes in 9  E. coli  isolates (37.5%). Similarly, no strain revealed the three other virulence factors tested ( eae ,  aer , and  cnf1 ). Our findings confirmed that the lagoons of Bizerte may be a reservoir of multidrug resistance/ESBL-producing  Enterobacteriaceae . This could lead to indisputable impacts on human and animal health, through the food chain.

Detection of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases (ESBL) Producing Enterobacteriaceae from Fish Trapped in the Lagoon Area of Bizerte, Tunisia