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The emergence and persistence of antibiotic resistance remain formidable health challenges. This study aimed at detecting and profiling antibiotic resistance of bacterial contaminants in vended food and the environment. Seventy antibiotic-resistant bacterial isolates were isolated from fried fish, African sausages, roasted meat, smokies, samosa, chips (potato fries), vegetable salads, and soil samples collected from Embu Town and Kangaru Market in Embu County, Kenya. The antibiotic susceptibility test, morphological and biochemical characterization, antibiosis assay, polymerase chain reaction-based detection of antibiotic resistance genes, and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene were done. Analysis of variance on all measured data was done, and Tukey's honest test was used to compare and separate mean diameters of zones inhibition. Resistance of bacterial isolates to antibiotics was chloramphenicol (90%), cefotaxime (84.29%), nalidixic acid (81.43%), tetracycline (77.14%), amoxicillin (72.86%), gentamycin (48.57%), streptomycin (32.86%), and trimethoprim + sulphamethoxazole (30%). Isolate KMP337,  Salmonella  spp., exhibited highly significant antibiosis against  S. aureus  recording a mean inhibition diameter and standard error (SE) of 16.33 ± 0.88 mm, respectively, at  P =0.001. The 70 bacterial isolates belonged to  Bacillus ,  Paraclostridium ,  Lysinibacillus ,  Virgibacillus,  and  Serratia  genera. The study isolated  Bacillus wiedmannii  (KC75) which is a risk group 2 as well as  Serratia marcescens  (KMP95) and  Bacillus anthracis  (KS606) which are risk group 3 organisms. The presence of antibiotic resistance genes  Tet  A,   Bla   TEM, StrB, Dfr  A , Amp,  and  FloR  genes was confirmed by a polymerase chain reaction. Samples from Kangaru Market recorded a higher (88.57%) proportion of resistant isolates as compared to isolates from Embu Town (11.43%). The study confirmed the presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in vended fast food and the soil in Embu Town and Kangaru Market. This study calls for continuous monitoring of bacterial status and hygienic handling of vended food.

Detection and Profiling of Antibiotic Resistance among Culturable Bacterial Isolates in Vended Food and Soil Samples