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Protecting foods from contamination applying peptides produced by lactic acid bacteria is a promising strategy to increase the food quality and safety. Interacting with the pathogen membranes might produce visible changes in shape or cell wall damage. Previously, we showed that the peptides produced by  Lactobacillus plantarum  UTNGt2,  Lactobacillus plantarum  UTNCys5-4, and  Lactococcus lactis  subsp.  lactis  UTNGt28 exhibit a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity against several foodborne pathogens  in vitro . In this study, their possible mode of action against the commensal microorganism  Salmonella enterica  subsp.  enterica  ATCC51741 was investigated. The target membrane permeability was determined by detection of beta-galactosidase release from ONPG (o-nitro-phenyl-L-D-galactoside) substrate and changes in the whole protein profile indicating that the peptide extracts destroy the membrane integrity and may induce breaks in membrane proteins to some extent. The release of aromatic molecules such as DNA/RNA was detected after the interaction of  Salmonella  with the peptide extract. Transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) micrographs depicted at least four simultaneous secondary events after the peptide extract treatment underlying their antimicrobial actions, including morphological alterations of the membrane. Spheroplast and filament formation, vacuolation, and DNA relaxation were identified as the principal events from the Gt2 and Cys5-4 peptide extracts, while Gt28 induced the formation of ghost cells by release of cytoplasmic content, filaments, and separation of cell envelope layers. Gel retarding assays indicate that the Gt2 and Gt28 peptide extracts are clearly binding the  Salmonella  DNA, while Cys5-4 partially interacted with  Salmonella  genomic DNA. These results increased our knowledge about the inhibitory mechanism employed by several peptide extracts from native lactic acid bacteria against  Salmonella . Further, we shall develop peptide-based formulation and evaluate their biocontrol effect in the food chains.

biomed research international

Peptide Extracts from Native Lactic Acid Bacteria Generate Ghost Cells and Spheroplasts upon Interaction with Salmonella enterica, as Promising Food Antimicrobials