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Objective   To investigate whether exercise preconditioning (EP) improves the rat cardiac dysfunction induced by exhaustive exercise (EE) through regulating NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammatory pathways and to confirm which intensity of EP is better.Method   Ninety healthy male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups: a control group (CON), exhaustive exercise group (EE), low-, middle-, and high-intensity exercise precondition and exhaustive exercise group (LEP + EE, MEP + EE, HEP + EE group). We established the experimental model by referring to Bedford's motion load standard to complete the experiment. Then, the pathological changes of the myocardium were observed under a light microscope. Biomarker of myocardial injury in serum and oxidative stress factor in myocardial tissue were evaluated by ELISAs. The cardiac function parameters were detected using a Millar pressure and volume catheter. The levels of thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP), thioredoxin protein (TRX), nuclear transcription factor kappa B p65  (NF-ĸB p65 ), NLRP3, and cysteinaspartate specific proteinase 1 (Caspase-1) protein in rats' myocardium were detected by western blotting.Results   1. The myocardial structures of three EP + EE groups were all improved compared with EE groups. 2. The levels of the creatine phosphating-enzyme MB (CK-MB), reactive oxygen species (ROS), interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF- α ) in three EP + EE groups were all increased compared with CON but decreased compared with the EE group ( P  < 0.05). 3. Compared with the CON group, slope of end-systolic pressure volume relationship (ESPVR), ejection fraction (EF), and peak rate of the increase in pressure (d P /d t  max ) all dropped to the lowest level in the EE group ( P  < 0.05), while the values of cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), end-systolic volume (Ves), end-diastolic volume (Ved), and relaxation time constant (Tau) increased in the EE group ( P  < 0.05). 4. Compared with the CON group, the expression levels of TXNIP, NF-ĸB p65 , NLRP3, and Caspase-1 all increased obviously in the other groups ( P  < 0.05); meanwhile, they were all decreased in three EP + EE groups compared with the EE group ( P  < 0.05). 5. NLRP3 was positively correlated with heart rate, IL-6, and ROS, but negatively correlated with EF ( P  < 0.01).Conclusion   EP protects the heart from EE-induced injury through downregulating TXNIP/TRX/NF-ĸB p65 /NLRP3 inflammatory signaling pathways. Moderate intensity EP has the best protective effect.

evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine

Different Intensity Exercise Preconditions Affect Cardiac Function of Exhausted Rats through Regulating TXNIP/TRX/NF-ĸB<sub>p65</sub>/NLRP3 Inflammatory Pathways

Different Intensity Exercise Preconditions Affect Cardiac Function of Exhausted Rats through Regulating TXNIP/TRX/NF-ĸBp65/NLRP3 Inflammatory Pathways

Different Intensity Exercise Preconditions Affect Cardiac Function of Exhausted Rats through Regulating TXNIP/TRX/NF-ĸB_p65/NLRP3 Inflammatory Pathways