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Our previous work revealed that Nrf1 α  exerts a tumor-repressing effect because its genomic loss (to yield  Nrf1α −/−  ) results in oncogenic activation of Nrf2 and target genes. Interestingly,  β -catenin is concurrently activated by loss of Nrf1 α  in a way similar to  β -catenin-driven liver tumor. However, a presumable relationship between Nrf1 and  β -catenin is not yet established. Here, we demonstrate that Nrf1 enhanced ubiquitination of  β -catenin for targeting proteasomal degradation. Conversely, knockdown of Nrf1 by its short hairpin RNA (shNrf1) caused accumulation of  β -catenin so as to translocate the nucleus, allowing activation of a subset of Wnt/ β -catenin signaling responsive genes, which leads to the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and related cellular processes. Such silencing of Nrf1 resulted in malgrowth of human hepatocellular carcinoma, along with malignant invasion and metastasis to the lung and liver in xenograft model mice. Further transcriptomic sequencing unraveled significant differences in the expression of both Wnt/ β -catenin-dependent and Wnt/ β -catenin-independent responsive genes implicated in the cell process, shape, and behavior of the shNrf1-expressing tumor. Notably, we identified that  β -catenin is not a target gene of Nrf1, but this CNC-bZIP factor contributes to differential or opposing expression of other critical genes, such as  CDH1 ,  Wnt5A ,  Wnt11A ,  FZD10 ,  LEF1 ,  TCF4 ,  SMAD4 ,  MMP9 ,  PTEN ,  PI3K ,  JUN , and  p53 , each of which depends on the positioning of distinct  cis -regulatory sequences (e.g., ARE and/or AP-1 binding sites) in the gene promoter contexts. In addition, altered expression profiles of some Wnt/ β -catenin signaling proteins were context dependent, as accompanied by decreased abundances of Nrf1 in the clinic human hepatomas with distinct differentiation. Together, these results corroborate the rationale that Nrf1 acts as a  bona fide  dominant tumor repressor, by its intrinsic inhibition of Wnt/ β -catenin signaling and relevant independent networks in cancer development and malignant progression.

oxidative medicine and cellular longevity

Nrf1 Is Endowed with a Dominant Tumor-Repressing Effect onto the Wnt/<i>β</i>-Catenin-Dependent and Wnt/<i>β</i>-Catenin-Independent Signaling Networks in the Human Liver Cancer

Nrf1 Is Endowed with a Dominant Tumor-Repressing Effect onto the Wnt/β-Catenin-Dependent and Wnt/β-Catenin-Independent Signaling Networks in the Human Liver Cancer