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Gout is a common disease affected most of the people due to the elevation of uric acid in the blood. Flavonoid and phenolic compounds are reported to exert the anti-gout activity of medicinal plants. Hence, this study aimed at optimizing the extraction conditions of phenolic and flavonoid compounds as well as the anti-gout (xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity)  in vitro  of  Euphorbia hirta  using response surface methodology (RSM). The plant part used was the whole plant excluding roots. The effects of three independent variables (extraction time,  X  1 ; extraction temperature,  X  2 ; and solid-to-liquid ratio,  X  3 ) on three response variables (total flavonoid content,  Y  1 ; total phenolic content,  Y  2 ; and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity,  Y  3 ) were determined using central composite design (CCD) while phytochemical profiling of the extracts was determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Quadratic models produced a satisfactory fitting of the experimental data with regard to total flavonoid content ( r  2  = 0.9407,  p  < 0.0001), total phenolic content ( r  2  = 0.9383,  p  < 0.0001), and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity ( r  2  = 0.9794,  p  < 0.0001). The best extraction conditions observed for total flavonoid content, total phenolic content, and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity were at a temperature of 79.07°C for 17.42 min with solid-to-liquid ratio of 1 : 20 g/ml. The optimum values for total flavonoid, total phenolic, and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity were 67.56 mg RE/g, 155.21 mg GAE/g, and 91.42%, respectively. The main phytochemical compounds in the optimized  E .  hirta  extract are neochlorogenic acid, quercetin-3 β -D-glucoside, syringic acid, caffeic acid, ellagic acid, astragalin, afzelin, and quercetin. As conclusion, this study clearly demonstrated the best conditions to obtain higher xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity and phytochemical compounds which can be further used for the development of anti-gout agents.

evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine

Optimization of Extraction Conditions of Phytochemical Compounds and Anti-Gout Activity of <i>Euphorbia hirta</i> L. (Ara Tanah) Using Response Surface Methodology and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) Analysis

Optimization of Extraction Conditions of Phytochemical Compounds and Anti-Gout Activity of Euphorbia hirta L. (Ara Tanah) Using Response Surface Methodology and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) Analysis