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Acute toxicity test was performed to determine the sensitivity of  Neorpela spio, Baetis harrisoni,  and  Tubifex  spp. to nitrates (NO 3 -N) and phosphates (PO 4 -P) with different concentrations after 96 hours of exposure time. The observed lethal effects and/or mortality increased with concentration and exposure time among tested species of different sensitivities. The results demonstrated that both nitrate and phosphate are toxic to the three studied organisms under the test conditions, with  Neorpela spio  displaying the highest acute effect in water with nitrate and phosphate compared with  Baetis harrisoni  and  Tubifex  spp. The 100% cumulative mortality was experienced at 3.2 mg NO 3 -N/L and 2.4 mg PO 4 -P/L for  N. spio , 5.6 mg NO 3 -N/L and 4.8 mg PO 4 -P/L for  B. harrisoni,  and 128 mg NO 3 -N/L and 24 mg PO 4 -P/L for  T.  spp. However,  N. spio  and  B. harrisoni  showed high mortality at the Tanzanian nitrate recommended lower and maximum limits of 10 and 75 mg NO 3 -N/L, respectively, for drinking water and significant mortality at the recommended limits of nitrite (20 mg NO 3 -N/L) and phosphorus (6 mg PO 4 -P/L) concentrations for municipal and industrial wastewaters. Therefore, there is a need for these Tanzanian recommended nitrate ranges for drinking water of 10 to 75 mg NO 3 -N/L and 20 mg NO 3 -N/L and 6 mg PO 4 -P/L for municipal and industrial wastewaters to be refined for the betterment of protecting both human health and riverine organisms.

Response of Tropical African Macroinvertebrates with Varying Tolerances to Different Levels of Nitrate and Phosphate