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To achieve the robust high-performance computer-aided diagnosis systems for lymph nodes, CT images may be typically collected from multicenter data, which cause the isolated performance of the model based on different data source centers. The variability adaptation problem of lymph node data which is related to the problem of domain adaptation in deep learning differs from the general domain adaptation problem because of the typically larger CT image size and more complex data distributions. Therefore, domain adaptation for this problem needs to consider the shared feature representation and even the conditioning information of each domain so that the adaptation network can capture significant discriminative representations in a domain-invariant space. This paper extracts domain-invariant features based on a cross-domain confounding representation and proposes a cycle-consistency learning framework to encourage the network to preserve class-conditioning information through cross-domain image translations. Compared with the performance of different domain adaptation methods, the accurate rate of our method achieves at least 4.4% points higher under multicenter lymph node data. The pixel-level cross-domain image mapping and the semantic-level cycle consistency provided a stable confounding representation with class-conditioning information to achieve effective domain adaptation under complex feature distribution.

Multicenter Computer-Aided Diagnosis for Lymph Nodes Using Unsupervised Domain-Adaptation Networks Based on Cross-Domain Confounding Representations