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Background   Despite public health significance of dual infections of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and malaria in developing countries like Nigeria, information on the association between malaria parasite density count (MPDC) and hematological parameter changes among HIV-infected individuals is rarely available.Objectives   To evaluate burden of HIV and malaria dual infections and assess the predictive association of MPDC with hematological parameter changes among HIV infected adults attending two antiretroviral treatment clinics in Kano, Nigeria.  Methodology . This was a cross-sectional study consisting of 1521 consented participants randomly selected between June 2015 and May 2016. Participants' basic characteristics and clinical details were collected using a pretested and validated standardized questionnaire. Collected venous blood was analyzed for malaria by rapid testing and microscopy including malaria parasite density; hematological parameters were estimated using a Sysmex XP-300 autoanalyzer. Data was reviewed, cleaned, and analyzed using SPSS software version 23.0. Mean hematological parameters and HIV/malaria status were compared using the independent  t -test; hematological parameters and MPDC relationship was tested by simple linear regression analysis. Statistically significant difference at probability of <0.05 was considered for all variables.Results   The majority (70.6%) of the participants were females. Mean (SD) age was 37.30 ± (10.41) years and ranged from 18 to 78 years. 25.4% of participants had dual infection, 99% due to  Plasmodium falciparum  species. Mean MPDC was 265 ± 31.8 (SD) cells/ μ l and ranged from 20 to 2500 cells/ μ l. Dual infection was highest (37.5%) among respondents in the age group ≥60 years. Prevalence was similar among other age groups ( p  = 0.165) and gender ( p  = 0.942). Of the 16 hematological parameters evaluated, 11 showed significant difference between HIV mono-infected and dual infected participants. Of the 11 parameters, only 7 (Hb, MCHC, red cells count, neutrophil and lymphocyte percentage, absolute lymphocyte count, and red cell distribution width) were significantly predictive of changes with respect to MPDC.Conclusions   MPDC was significantly predictive of changes in 7 hematological parameters among dual infected participants in these settings. In routine malaria diagnosis, MPDC determination with respect to changes in some hematological parameters should be considered in ART programs for improved patient management.

journal of tropical medicine

Malaria Parasite Density as a Predictor of Hematological Parameter Changes among HIV Infected Adults Attending Two Antiretroviral Treatment Clinics in Kano, Northwest Nigeria