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Background   Probiotic oral intake, via modulation of the microbiota-gut-brain axis, can impact brain activity, mood, and behavior; therefore, it may be beneficial against psychological distress and anxiety disorders. Inflammatory cytokines can influence the onset and progression of several neurodegenerative mood disorders, and the IL-1 β  rs16944 SNP is related to high cytokine levels and potentially affects mood disorders. The aim of this study was to examine the combined effect of IL-1 β  polymorphism and probiotic administration in mood disorder phenotypes in the Italian population.Methods   150 subjects were randomized into two different groups, probiotic oral suspension group (POSG) and placebo control group (PCG), and received the relative treatment for 12 weeks. Psychological profile assessment by Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A), Body Uneasiness Test (BUT), and Symptom Checklist 90-Revised (SCL90R) was administered to all volunteers. Genotyping was performed on DNA extracted from salivary samples.Results   After 12 weeks of intervention, a significant reduction of HAM-A total score was detected in the POSG ( p  < 0.01), compared to the PCG. Furthermore, IL-1 β  carriers have moderate risk to develop anxiety (OR = 5.90), and in POSG IL-1 β  carriers, we observed a reduction of HAM-A score ( p  = 0.02).Conclusions   Consumption of probiotics mitigates anxiety symptoms, especially in healthy adults with the minor A allele of rs16944 as a risk factor. Our results encourage the use of probiotics in anxiety disorders and suggest genetic association studies for psychobiotic-personalized therapy.

Psychobiotics Regulate the Anxiety Symptoms in Carriers of Allele A of IL-1βGene: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial