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Growing worldwide, the genus  Ephedra  (family Ephedraceae) had a medicinal, ecological, and economic value. The extraordinary morphological diversity suggests that  Ephedra  was survivor of an ancient group, and its antiquity is also supported by fossil data. It has recently been suggested that  Ephedra  appeared 8–32 million years ago, and a few megafossils document its presence in the Early Cretaceous. Recently, the high analytical power provided by the new mass spectrometry (MS) instruments is making the characterization of  Ephedra  metabolites more feasible, such as ephedrine series. In this regard, the chemical compounds isolated from crude extracts, fractions, and few isolated compounds of  Ephedra  species were characterized by MS-based techniques (LC-MS, LC-ESI-MS, HPLC-PDA-ESI/MS, LC-DAD-ESI/MSn, LC/Orbitrap MS, etc.). Moreover, we carry out an exhaustive review of the scientific literature on biomedicine and pharmacotherapy (anticancer, antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, antiarthritic, and anti-influenza activities; proapoptotic and cytotoxic potential; and so on). Equally, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities were discussed. This review is focused on all these topics, along with current studies published in the last 5 years (2015–2019) providing in-depth information for readers.

evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine

A Review on Worldwide<i>Ephedra</i>History and Story: From Fossils to Natural Products Mass Spectroscopy Characterization and Biopharmacotherapy Potential

A Review on WorldwideEphedraHistory and Story: From Fossils to Natural Products Mass Spectroscopy Characterization and Biopharmacotherapy Potential