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We describe the transverse momentum (or mass) spectra of $\pi^\pm$, $K^\pm$,$p$, and $\bar{p}$ produced in central gold-gold (Au-Au), central lead-lead(Pb-Pb), and inelastic proton-proton ($pp$) collisions at different collisionenergies range from the AGS to LHC by using a two-component (in most cases)Erlang distribution in the framework of multi-source thermal model. The fittingresults are consistent with the experimental data and the energy-dependentchemical potentials of light hadrons ($\pi$, $K$, and $p$) and quarks ($u$,$d$, and $s$) in central Au-Au, central Pb-Pb, and inelastic $pp$ collisionsfrom the yield ratios of negative to positive particles obtained from thenormalization constants are then extracted. The study shows that most types ofenergy-dependent chemical potentials decrease with increase of collision energyover a range from the AGS to LHC. The curves of all types of energy-dependentchemical potentials, obtained from the linear fits of yield ratios vs energy,have inflection points at the same energy of 3.526 GeV, which is regarded asthe critical energy of phase transition from a hadron liquid-like state to aquark gas-like state in the collision system and indicates that the hadronicinteractions play an important role in this period. At the RHIC and LHC, alltypes of chemical potentials become small and tend to zero at very high energy,which confirms that the collision system possibly changes completely from thehadron-dominant liquid-like state to the quark-dominant gas-like state and thepartonic interactions possibly play a dominant role at the LHC.

advances in high energy physics

Energy dependent chemical potentials of light hadrons and quarks based  on transverse momentum spectra and yield ratios of negative to positive  particles