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Backgrounds   The presence of amyloid deposits of human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP) in islet  β -cells has been associated with type 2 diabetes occurrence and islet graft failure. Self-assembly into oligomers and fibrils during the process of aggregation by hIAPP can lead to failure and depletion of  β -cells. Studies have shown that some critical regions of hIAPP might contribute to the aggregation. Thus, many studies focused on finding the effective molecules, especially the short-peptide inhibitors, that bind to these regions and disrupt the aggregation of hIAPP. In the present study, a novel pentapeptide inhibitor Phe-Leu-Pro-Asn-Phe (FLPNF) was designed and its effectiveness on the inhibition of the formation of amyloid deposits was examined.Methods   The binding mode between FLPNF and hIAPP was performed using molecular docking. The effectiveness of FLPNF on inhibiting hIAPP amyloid aggregation was tested by Thioflavin T (ThT) staining. Furthermore, negative stain electron microscopy was used to observe hIAPP fibrils. A biolayer interferometry analysis was used to identify the interaction between FLPNF and hIAPP. In addition, the cytotoxicity toward INS-1 cells was tested by a cell proliferation assay.Results   FLPNF was predicted to have a compact conformation to bind at the site of hIAPP. FLPNF strongly inhibited the amyloid aggregation of hIAPP at a 10 : 1 molar ratio  in vitro . Coincubation of FLPNF with hIAPP decreased the amount of hIAPP fibrils. Furthermore, a direct interaction between FLPNF and hIAPP was confirmed. FLPNF could also decrease the cytotoxic effect of hIAPP.Conclusions   The novel pentapeptide inhibitor FLPNF was constructed and inhibited the aggregation through direct binding to hIAPP. It is considered a suitable inhibitor for hIAPP amyloid deposit formation.

A Novel Pentapeptide Inhibitor Reduces Amyloid Deposit Formation by Direct Interaction with hIAPP