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Background   Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) hormone is an incretin hormone that is secreted in the ileum and plays a role in the pancreas to increase insulin secretion, stimulate proliferation, and prevent pancreatic  β -cell apoptosis. Currently, diabetes mellitus (DM) treatment based on GLP-1 work is being developed, for instance, from herbal plants such as  Hibiscus sabdariffa  Linn ( H. sabdariffa ). Therefore, this study aims to determine the potential of  H. sabdariffa  in GLP-1 secretion in the ileum and its action in pancreatic  β -cells. In addition, this study also aims to determine the active ingredients of  H. sabdariffa  (Hib) that interact with sodium-glucose cotransporter-1 (SGLT-1) so that it can increase GLP-1 secretion in the ileum and interact with GLP-1 receptors (GLP-1R) in the pancreas.Method   This experimental study used 24 experimental animals of Sprague–Dawley type (aged 8–10 weeks, weight 200–250 g) that were divided into 6 groups, namely, (i) normal (C), (ii) normal-Hib 200 (C-Hib200), (iii) normal-Hib 500 (C-Hib500), (iv) DM (C-DM), (v) DM-Hib200, and (vi) DM-Hib500.  H. sabdariffa  extract was given orally once a day for 5 weeks. Testing of GLP-1 levels in the ileum and pancreatic tissue was performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The prediction of the interaction mechanism of the active substance  H. sabdariffa  against GLP-1 was done using molecular docking.Results   There was a decrease in GLP-1 levels in the ileum of DM rats ( p  < 0.05). However, DM rats administered  H. sabdariffa  500 mg/kg BW had GLP-1 levels that were the same as in normal rats ( p  > 0.05). This is due to active ingredients such as leucosin, which binds to SGLT-1. Administration of 500 mg/kg BW  H. sabdariffa  in DM rats resulted in GLP-1 levels in the pancreas that were the same as in normal rats ( p  > 0.05). In addition, the active ingredient of  H. sabdariffa , delphinidin, binds to GLPR in the pancreas.Conclusion   The active ingredient of  H. sabdariffa  can increase GLP-1 secretion in the ileum and can interact with G protein-linked receptors in the pancreas.

The Potential of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn in Inducing Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 via SGLT-1 and GLPR in DM Rats