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Background   Each part of  H. annuus  plants is traditionally used as medicinal remedies for several diseases, including malaria. Antimalarial activity of the leaf and the seed has already been observed; however, there is no report about antimalarial activity of the other parts of  H. annuus  plants. In this study, we assess  in vitro  and  in vivo  antimalarial activity of each part of the plants and its mechanism as antimalarial agent against inhibition of heme detoxification.Objective   To investigate the antimalarial activity of various parts of  H. annuus .Methods   Various parts of the  H. annuus  plant were tested for  in vitro  antimalarial activity against  Plasmodium falciparum  3D7 strain (chloroquine-sensitive),  in vivo  antimalarial activity against  P. berghei  using Peters' 4-day suppressive test in BALB/c mice, curative and prophylaxis assay, and inhibition of heme detoxification by evaluating  β -hematin level.Results   Ethanol extract of the roots showed the highest antimalarial activity, followed by ethanol extract of leaves, with IC 50  values of 2.3 ± 1.4 and 4.3 ± 2.2  μ g/mL, respectively and the percentage inhibition of  P. berghei  of 63.6 ± 8.0 and 59.3 ± 13.2 at a dose of 100 mg/kg, respectively. Ethanol extract of roots produced an ED 50  value of 10.6 ± 0.2 mg/kg in the curative test and showed an inhibition of 79.2% at a dose of 400 mg/kg in the prophylactic assay. In inhibition of heme detoxification assay, root and leaf ethanol extracts yielded a lower IC 50  value than positive (chloroquine) control with a value of 0.4 ± 0.0 and 0.5 ± 0.0 mg/mL, respectively.Conclusion   There were promising results of the ethanol extracts of root of  H. annuus  as a new source for the development of a new plant-based antimalarial agent.

Various Parts of Helianthus annuus Plants as New Sources of Antimalarial Drugs