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Background   Previous studies suggest the presence of an association of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) with osteoarthritis (OA) severity and pain in patients with knee OA. VEGF expression in human synovial fibroblasts (SFs) is induced by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF β ). However, the signaling pathway governing TGF β -mediated regulation of VEGF in SFs has not been identified.Methods   OA patients who underwent total knee arthroplasty had their synovial tissue (SYT) extracted and the constituent SFs cultured. The cells were stimulated with culture medium (control), human recombinant TGF β  (hrTGF β ), hrTGF β  + ALK5 inhibitor SB505124, hrTGF β  + transforming growth factor activating kinase 1 (TAK1) inhibitor (5Z)-7-oxozeaenol, or hrTGF β  + p38 inhibitor SB203580 for 6 h.  VEGF  mRNA expression in SFs was examined using real-time polymerase chain reaction and VEGF protein production in the cell supernatant was examined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Additionally, phosphorylated levels of SMAD2 and p38 were examined using western blotting.Results   ALK5 (SB505124) and TAK1 (5Z-oxozeaenol) inhibitors completely suppressed TGF β -induced  VEGF  mRNA expression and VEGF protein production. Both SB505124 and 5Z-oxozeaenol also suppressed SMAD2 and p38 phosphorylation. The p38 inhibitor (SB203580) partially inhibited TGF β -mediated  VEGF  mRNA and VEGF protein production.Conclusion   TGF β -mediated regulation of  VEGF  expression and VEGF protein production in the SYT of OA patients occurs through both the canonical and noncanonical pathway.

biomed research international

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Is Regulated by the Canonical and Noncanonical Transforming Growth Factor-<i>β</i>Pathway in Synovial Fibroblasts Derived from Osteoarthritis Patients

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Is Regulated by the Canonical and Noncanonical Transforming Growth Factor-βPathway in Synovial Fibroblasts Derived from Osteoarthritis Patients