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Rhodococcus equi  is responsible for infections in multiple-host animals. In humans, the prevalence of rhodococcus has increased worldwide and represents an emergent risk.  R. equi  is a soil-borne opportunistic bacterium isolated from feces of a wide variety of domestic species, except cats; thus, there is no known potential risk of its transmission from humans. Here, the mono- and cooccurrence of  Rhodococcus equi  and other bacteria and selected virulence markers were investigated in feces of nondiarrheic cats from urban (n=100) and rural (n=100) areas. Seven (7/200=3.5%)  R. equi  isolates were recovered in ceftazidime, novobiocin, and cycloheximide (CAZ-NB) selective media, exclusively of cats from three distinct farms ( p =0.01), and these cats had a history of contact with horses and their environment ( p =0.0002). None of the  R. equi  isolates harbored hosted-adapted plasmid types associated with virulence (pVAPA, pVAPB, and pVAPN). One hundred seventy-five  E. coli  isolates were identified, and 23 atypical enteropathogenic  E. coli  (aEPEC), 1 STEC (Shiga-toxin producing  E. coli ), and 1 EAEC (enteroaggregative  E. coli ) were detected. Eighty-six  C. perfringens  type A isolates were identified, and beta-2 and enterotoxin were detected in 21 and 1 isolates, respectively. Five  C. difficile  isolates were identified, one of which was toxigenic and ribotype 106. The main cooccurring isolates in cats from urban areas were  E. coli  and  C. perfringens  A (26/100=26%),  E. coli  and  C. perfringens  type A  cpb 2 +  (8/100=8%), and aEPEC ( eae +/ escN +) and  C. perfringens  type A (5/100=5%). In cats from farms, the main cooccurring isolates were  E. coli  and  C. perfringens  type A (21/100=21%),  E. coli  and  C. perfringens  type A  cpb  2  +  8/100=8%), and  E. coli  and  R. equi  (4/100=4%). We identified, for the first time,  R. equi  in nondiarrheic cats, a finding that represents a public health issue because rhodococcus has been reported in both immunosuppressed and immunocompetent humans, particularly people living with HIV/AIDS.

First Microbiological and Molecular Identification ofRhodococcus equiin Feces of Nondiarrheic Cats