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The present study aimed at investigating the influence of norspermidine on the formation of dual-species biofilms composed of  Streptococcus mutans  ( S. mutans ) and  Streptococcus sanguinis  ( S. sanguinis ). Crystal violet assay was conducted to assess the formation of single-species biofilms of  S. mutans  and  S. sanguinis , and the growth curve was carefully observed to monitor the growth of these two species of bacteria. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and MTT array were used to analyze the composition and metabolic activity of the dual-species biofilms, respectively. Extracellular polysaccharides (EPS)/bacteria staining, anthrone method, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging were conducted to study the synthesis of EPS by dual-species biofilms. Lactic acid assay and pH were measured to detect dual-species biofilm acid production. We found that norspermidine had different effects on  S. mutans  and  S. sanguinis  including their growth and biofilm formation. Norspermidine regulated the composition of the dual-species biofilms, decreased the ratio of  S. mutans  in dual-species biofilms, and reduced the metabolic activity, EPS synthesis, and acid production of dual-species biofilms. Norspermidine regulated dual-species biofilms in an ecological way, suggesting that it may be a potent reagent for controlling dental biofilms and managing dental caries.

Effects of Norspermidine on Dual‐Species Biofilms Composed of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis