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The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of local hydroxyapatite (HA) combined with extracted sea cucumber ( Stichopus hermanni ) collagen as a promising bone graft substitute on bone remodeling. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry, transmission electron microscopy, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, and Sprague-Dawley rat model were used to characterize the microstructure,  in vitro  cytotoxicity, and  in vivo  bone-healing properties of the investigated biocomposite material. Analytical results found that the hydrothermal reaction-synthesized local HA had a hexagonal close-packed structure. The addition of extracted  S .  hermanni  collagen did not influence the microstructure and functional groups of the local HA. Moreover, the MTT assay indicated that the investigated biocomposite material possessed a good  in vitro  biocompatibility. The  in vivo  animal study also revealed that the investigated biocomposite material exhibited the highest number of osteoblasts after 14 days of healing. Therefore, the results demonstrate that the local HA combined with extracted  S .  hermanni  collagen could potentially enhance osteoblast formation in promoting bone healing and regeneration.

Application of a Promising Bone Graft Substitute in Bone Tissue Regeneration: Characterization, Biocompatibility, and In Vivo Animal Study