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Background   Incidence of cervical cancer among women of reproductive age still remains significantly high. In regard to prognostic features and risk factors, the standard treatment for most types of cervical cancer represents a combination of surgical treatment and radiation therapy, such as external beam radiation therapy and brachytherapy. Despite significant advances of long-term oncological outcomes, radiation-induced secondary malignancies among cervical cancer survivors are still an issue. Current case report describes an incredibly rare case of radiation-induced leiomyosarcoma of the rectum, which occurred 32 years after cervical cancer treatment.Case Presentation   A 62-year-old female had a past medical history of FIGO stage IIB cervical cancer (squamous cell carcinoma pT2bN0M0). In 1987, she underwent radical hysterectomy with bilateral iliac lymph node dissection, followed by adjuvant radiation therapy—70 Gy external beam pelvic irradiation followed by 30.5 Gy of brachytherapy. Thirty-two years later, she presented with signs of rectal bleeding. Regarding past medical history, radiologic, endoscopic, and pathologic data, the patient was initially diagnosed with a malignant nonepithelial lower rectal tumor of the unknown origin and staged as mrT3a mrN0 cM0. Total mesorectal excision with complete mesocolic excision and central vascular ligation (CME/CVL) carried by an open approach was carried out. In an attempt to identify the tissue of origin, an immunohistochemistry assay had been performed. Tumor cells showed a high rate of mitotic activity with a 45% rate of Ki-67 expression, positive reaction for desmin, and SMA in all samples. Negative reaction for CD117 and S100 was observed. As a conclusion, the immunophenotype was identified as a grade 3 leiomyosarcoma (ISD-code 8890/3).Conclusions   We suggest that up to date, radical surgery with curative intent, as it was performed in our study, is the most evidence-based treatment option for patients with radiation-induced sarcomas of the rectum.

Leiomyosarcoma of the Rectum as a Radiation-Induced Second Malignancy after Cervical Cancer Treatment: Case Report with Review of the Literature