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Recent fMRI studies have demonstrated that resting-state functional connectivity (FC) is of nonstationarity. Temporal variability of FC reflects the dynamic nature of brain activity. Exploring temporal variability of FC offers a new approach to investigate reorganization and integration of brain networks after stroke. Here, we examined longitudinal alterations of FC temporal variability in brain networks after stroke. Nineteen stroke patients underwent resting fMRI scans across the acute stage (within-one-week after stroke), subacute stage (within-two-weeks after stroke), and early chronic stage (3-4 months after stroke). Nineteen age- and sex-matched healthy individuals were enrolled. Compared with the controls, stroke patients exhibited reduced regional temporal variability during the acute stages, which was recovered at the following two stages. Compared with the acute stage, the subacute stage exhibited increased temporal variability in the primary motor, auditory, and visual cortices. Across the three stages, the temporal variability in the ipsilesional precentral gyrus (PreCG) was increased first and then reduced. Increased temporal variability in the ipsilesional PreCG from the acute stage to the subacute stage was correlated with motor recovery from the acute stage to the early chronic stage. Our results demonstrated that temporal variability of brain network might be a potential tool for evaluating and predicting motor recovery after stroke.

Dynamic Network Analysis Reveals Altered Temporal Variability in Brain Regions after Stroke: A Longitudinal Resting-State fMRI Study