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Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is widely considered a distinct clinical entity with a well-defined molecular and genetics-based prognosis. Particularly in a younger patient, the therapeutic approach depends largely on diagnostic risk stratification, which has an impact on the outcome after therapy. We added Treg evaluation to the usual molecular and cytogenetics profile in the AML younger patients' diagnostic bone marrow aspirate (dBMA) in order to search for any correlation between Tregs and overall response (OR) as well as survival (OS) rates. We studied 23 AML young patients, all treated with standard induction chemotherapy: OR (complete remission (CR) + CR incomplete (CRi)) was documented in 10 of 23 patients (44%); there were two partial responder patients. The optimal dBMA Treg cut-off value for predicting response to treatment (≥21/ μ L) was obtained by ROC curve analysis. However, in multivariate analysis, apart from the expected impact of the molecular/cytogenetic risk ( p  = 0.049) and NPM mutation ( p  = 0.001), dBMA Tregs ≥ 21/ μ L was not correlated with OR. Actually, higher dBMA Tregs were associated with the good intermediate molecular/cytogenetic risk group ( p  = 0.02), whose median OS was confirmed to be better as compared with that of the poor risk group (18 versus 5 months,  p  = 0.05) and equal to the dBMA Tregs ≥ 21/ μ L group (5 versus 5 months,  p  = 0.902), respectively. The possible prognostic value of such an immunological player as BMA Tregs in the diagnostic and successive phases of AML needs to be confirmed in larger patient numbers.

Impact of Bone Marrow Aspirate Tregs on the Response Rate of Younger Newly Diagnosed Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients