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Rice production is decreasing by abiotic stresses like heavy metals. In such circumstances, producing food for growing human population is a challenge for plant breeders. Excess of Al 3+  in soil has become threat for high yield of rice. Improvement of crop is one of potential solution for high production. The aim of this study was to develop the new method for optimization of Al 3+  toxicity tolerance in  indica  rice at germination stag using two-way ANOVA and Duncan's multiple-range test (DMRT). Seeds of two  indica  rice cultivars ( Pokkali  and  Pak Basmati)  were exposed in different concentrations (control, 5 mM, 15 mM, and 20 mM) of Al 3+  toxicity at pH 4 ±0.2 for two weeks. Germination traits such as final germination percentage (FG%), germination energy (GE), germination speed (GS), germination index (GI), mean time of germination (MGT), germination value (GV), germination velocity (GVe), peak value of germination (GPV), and germination capacity (GC) and growth traits such as root length (RL), shoot length (SL), total dry biomass (TDB), and germination vigour index (GVI) were measured. To obtain the maximum number of significance (≤ 0.01%) parameters in each concentration of Al 3+  toxicity with control, two-way ANOVA was established and comparison of mean was done using DMRT. The results showed that 5 mM, 10 mM, and 15 mM have less significant effects on the above-mentioned parameters. However, 20 mM concentration of Al 3+  produced significant effects (≤ 0.01%). Therefore, 20 mM of Al 3+  is considered optimized limit for  indica  cultivars ( Pokkali  and  Pak Basmati ).

Development of Novel Protocol to Al3+ Stress Tolerance at Germination Stage in Indica Rice through Statistical Approaches

Development of Novel Protocol to Al³⁺ Stress Tolerance at Germination Stage in Indica Rice through Statistical Approaches