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Background   Accumulative evidence showed that gut microbiota was important in regulating the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Hugan Qingzhi tablet (HQT), a lipid-lowering and anti-inflammatory medicinal formula, has been used to prevent and treat NAFLD. However, its mechanism of action is unknown. The aim of this study was to confirm whether HQT reversed the gut microbiota dysbiosis in NAFLD rats.Methods   We established an NAFLD model of rats fed with a high-fat diet (HFD), which was given different interventions, and measured the level of liver biochemical indices and inflammatory factors. Liver tissues were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and oil red O. Changes in the gut microbiota composition were analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing.Results   The hepatic histology and biochemical data displayed that HQT exhibited protective effects on HFD-induced rats. Moreover, HQT also reduced the abundance of the  Firmicutes / Bacteroidetes  ratio in HFD-fed rats and modified the gut microbial species at the genus level, increasing the abundances of gut microbiota which were reported to have an effect on relieving NAFLD, such as  Ruminococcaceae ,  Bacteroidales_S24-7_group ,  Bifidobacteria ,  Alistipes , and  Anaeroplasma , and significantly inhibiting the relative abundance of  Enterobacteriacea e,  Streptococcus ,  Holdemanella ,  Allobaculum , and  Blautia , which were reported to be potentially related to NAFLD. Spearman's correlation analysis found that  [Ruminococcus]_gauvreauii_group ,  Lachnoclostridium ,  Blautia ,  Allobaculum , and  Holdemanella  exhibited significant ( p  < 0.001) positive correlations with triglyceride, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, interleukin-6, interleukin-1 β , tumor necrosis factor- α , and body weight and negative correlations with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( p  < 0.001). The  norank_f__Bacteroidales_S24-7_group  and  Alistipes  showed an opposite trend. Moreover, the HQT could promote flavonoid biosynthesis compared with the HFD group.Conclusion   In summary, the HQT has potential applications in the prevention and treatment of NAFLD, which may be closely related to its modulatory effect on the gut microbiota.

Modulation of the Gut Microbiota in Rats by Hugan Qingzhi Tablets during the Treatment of High-Fat-Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease